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 * __A. SCIENCE:__**

//Radioactivity//: In the 1920's, there were several inventions and advances. The Polish-born, French scientist Marie Curie was experimenting. She discovered that the atoms such as radium and uranium, spontaneously release charged particles. She later discovered that it could charge atoms of one element into atoms of another element. She also found that atoms were not solid and indivisible.

//Relativity//: The German-born physicist Albert Einstein advanced his theory. He argued that space and time measurements are not absolute, but are determined by many factors, some of the, unknown. This caused people to question Newtonian science. To the general public, his ideas seemed impossible to understand. Really, they were unable to put his ideas into perspective, and so they were disturbed by it.

//Psychoanalysis//: The Austrian physician Sigmund Freud challenged faith in reason. He also suggested that the unconscious mind drives much of human behavior. He said that learned values such as morality and reason help people repress powerful urges. According to him, an individual feels constant tension between repressed drives and social training, and he argued that tension may cause psychological illness or physical symptoms. He analyzed dreams for clues to subconscious desires and developed ways to treat mental illnesses. His ideas had a major impact beyond medicine, and he led writers and artists to explore the subconscious mind.

War novels, poetry and plays and memoirs flowed off of the presses. To postwar writers, the war symbolized the moral breakdown of western civilization. In 1922, the American-born poet, T.S. Eliot, published //The Waste Land//, which portrays the world as spiritually empty and barren. Ernest Hemingway showed the rootless wanderings of young people who lacked deep convictions “The Sun Also Rises.” Freud’s ideas became popular experimented with stream of consciousness, which is when a writer probes a character’s random thoughts and feelings without imposing logic or order. T.S. Eliot
 * __B. LITERATURE:__**


 * __C. ART AND ARCHITECTURE:__**

//Cubism:// The Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and his friend Georges Braque created a new revolutionary style. This style of art broke 3 dimensional objects into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes. Eventually, the German Paul Klee and the Russian Vasily Kandinsky moved even furthur representing reality. They created abstract works which were compositions of lines, colors, and shapes without any recognizable subject matter, //Dada and Surrealism:// Dada burst onto the Paris art world. His goal was to "give the bourgeois a whiff of chaos." One Dadaist declared, "Dada is life without discipline or morality and we spit on humanity." //Architecture:// In this era, architects rejected classical traditions and invented new styles to match an industrial, urban world. A famous Banhaus school in Germany influenced architecture by blending science and technology with design. They used glass, steel, and concrete but little ornamentation. Frank Lloyd Wright reflected the Banhaus belief that the function of a building should determine its form. In designing houses, he used materials and forms that fit their environment.


 * __D. FILM, MUSIC, AND DANCE:__**

Throughout most of the decade, silent films were the predominant product of the film industry, having involved ffrom vaudevillian roots. Films were also organized in genres. As film was rushing in... Radio stations were increasing across the united states. Radio brought news, music, and sports into homes throughout the western world.

//Music//- 1920's, often reffered to as the Jazz Age, was dominated by Jazz!! Jazz was the most popular music in this century. Much of it reflected the Harlem Renissance, but white men also got the act, too! Jazz musicians, like trumpeter Louis Armstrong, took simple melodies and improvised endless subtle variations in beat and rhythm. They also produced music that that was both popular and original. Nightclubs and the sound of jazz were symbols of that freedom.

//Dance//- People danced till they dropped. Some popular dances were known as.. Charleston, Black Bottom, Foxtrot, Shag, and Waltz. An interesting fact about dancing would be in the early 1900's both the Waltz and the Tango were considered scandalous dances because they involved physical contact between partners during the dance. Once the dances were demonstrated in America, they were fascinated by the public and close dancing became a social norm. In the 1920’s to the 1930’s the Lindy Hop became a very popular dance, named after pilot Charles Lindburgh and him being the first solo flight. It emerged and it was the first dance to include swinging your partner in the air. During this time People began to see new dances in Hollywood movies and would practice them to records or to the radio broadcasts before they would go out to the nightclubs to dance. Dancing was a major priority to people then. They even had schools to teach the younger children to dance, while the churches used dances to attract younger people. 

**__E. SOCIAL CHANGES:__**  In the 1920's there were many social changes, especially for women. One term used is **__Normalcy__**, which is life as it had been before 1914. One drastic change was the change in appearance for women. Women began rejecting their old ways, bobbing their hair, began to wear short skirts, went on chaperoned dates, smoked and drank in nightclubs, and started new dance fads (The Charleston). They became known as **__Flappers__**, which was known as the reigning queen of the Jazz Age. This created a huge fashion sweep for women, and even influenced the appearance of Betty Boop and Minnie Mouse. Some women returned working at the home when the war had ended, and some women's war work helped them win the vote in many western countries. Two, of many, women were well known for the things they did. Miriam Ferguson (Texas governor / Lady Nancy Astor) was the first woman to serve in the British Parliament. Another woman was Marie Curie had won 2 Nobel Prizes for her work in Chemistry and Physics. Other social changes that had happened were that labor-saving devices became common in middle-class homes. Washing machines, vacuum cleaners, and canned foods because widely used in homes. Women found paid work outside of the home and also some did volunteer jobs. Women golfers, tennis players, swimmers, and pilots set new records. Women also became newspaper reporters, they published best-selling novels and got recognized for their artwork.

__**F. PROHIBITION:**__ This began on Jan. 16, 1920 when the 18th Amendment went into effect, and the sale of alcohol became illegal. However, you could still get some alcohol at some __speakeasies__ or other underground drinking establishments, and also large quantities of alcohol were smuggled in from Canada. One of many groups that wanted alcoholic beverages to be outlawed was the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. It was founded in 1874 by Frances Willard. The “Temperance Movement” got support in WWI because temperance leaders said that the grain used to make liquor could be used instead to feed the troops.

Izzy and Moe had a 5 year career and they made more than 4,000 arrests and seized $15 million worth of illegal alcohol. Isadore (Izzy) Einstein was 5’5 ft tall and weighed 225 lbs. Moe Smith was a little taller and was heavier. Izzy spoke 5 different languages fluently and was comfortable in 4 others. Izzy timed how long it took to buy an illegal drink at different places: Washing D.C.- 1 hour, Atlanta- 17 minutes, Pittsburgh- 11 minutes, New Orleans- 5 seconds. Izzy also wrote a book and he dedicated it “to the 4,392 persons I arrested, hoping they bear me no grudge for having done my duty.”
 * __-Izzy and Moe __**


 * __WORKS CITED__**

http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/hpolscrv/parbuco.html [|http://www.ilstu.edu/~lmerri/uhigh/1920]'s/flappers.gif [|http://www.geocities.com/flapper_culture

Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor, Esler, Anthony and Beers, Burton F. __World History: Connections to Today.__ Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1997.